Through lexicostatistical analysis, Aliana finds that the Pesisir dialect of Talang Padang shares the most similarities with all dialects surveyed in other words, it is the least divergent among Lampung varieties, while the Abung dialect of Jabung is the most divergent. Aliana (1986) gives a different classification, listing a combined total of 13 different subdialects within both groups. Walker (1976) further subdivides Abung into two subdialects: Abung and Menggala, while splitting the Pesisir group into four subdialects: Komering, Krui, Pubian, and Southern. There are some lexical differences between these dialects, but they are identical in terms of morphology and syntax. Anderbeck and Hanawalt use the names "Api" for Pesisir and "Nyo" for Abung, after their respective words for "what". Walker (1975) uses the names Pesisir/Paminggir for the A-dialect and Abung for the O-dialect, but Matanggui (1984) argues that these are misnomers, as each of them is more commonly associated with a specific tribe instead of the whole dialect group. This dichotomy leads to the labeling of these as A-dialect and O-dialect, respectively. Lampung dialects are most commonly classified according to their realizations of Proto-Lampungic final *a, which is retained in some varieties, but realized as in others. See also: Komering language Lexical differences between Lampung dialects English While Smith supports its inclusion in the WIn subgroup, he states that the matter is still subject to debate. Smith identifies some WIn lexical innovations in Lampung, but it is hard to tell whether these words are inherited from Proto-WIn or borrowed later from Malay. However, lexical evidence for its inclusion in WIn is scant. Smith (2017) notes that Lampung merges PMP *j with *d, which is a characteristic of his tentative Western Indonesian (WIn) subgroup. While the Javo-Sumatran/Malayo-Javanic grouping as a whole has been criticized or outright rejected by various linguists, a closer connection between Lampung and Sundanese has been supported by Anderbeck (2007), on the basis that both languages share more phonological developments with each other than with Adelaar's Malayo-Chamic-BSS. Ī bilingual Lampung-Malay collection of poems, written in Jawi and Lampung scriptsĪmong the Javo-Sumatran languages, Nothofer mentions that Sundanese is perhaps the closest to Lampung, as both languages share the development of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) *R > y and the metathesis of the initial and medial consonants of Proto-Austronesian *lapaR > Sundanese palay 'desire, tired' and Lampung palay 'hurt of tired feet'. This position is followed by Adelaar (2005), who excludes Lampung from his Malayo-Sumbawan grouping-which includes Sundanese, Madurese, and Malayo-Chamic-BSS (comprising Malayic, Chamic, and Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa languages). Ross (1995) assigns Lampung its own group, unclassified within Malayo-Polynesian. Nothofer (1985) separates Lampung from Dyen's Malayic, but still include it in the wider "Javo-Sumatra Hesion" alongside Malayic, Sundanese, Madurese, and more distantly, Javanese. Language contact over centuries has blurred the line between Lampung and Malay, to the extent that they were grouped into the same subfamily in older works, such as that of Isidore Dyen in 1965, in which Lampung is placed inside the "Malayic Hesion" alongside Malayan ( Malay, Minangkabau, Kerinci), Acehnese and Madurese. Lampung is part of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian family, although its position within Malayo-Polynesian is hard to determine. Concerns over the endangerment of the language has led the provincial government to implement the teaching of Lampung language and script for primary and secondary education in the province. Komering people see themselves as ethnically separate from, but related to, Lampung people.Īlthough Lampung has a relatively large number of speakers, it is a minority language in the province of Lampung, where most of the speakers live. The latter is sometimes included in Lampung Api, sometimes treated as an entirely separate language. It is divided into two or three varieties: Lampung Api (also called Pesisir or A-dialect), Lampung Nyo (also called Abung or O-dialect), and Komering. Lampung or Lampungic ( cawa Lampung) is an Austronesian language or dialect cluster with around 1.5 million native speakers, who primarily belong to the Lampung ethnic group of southern Sumatra, Indonesia. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. This article contains IPA phonetic symbols.
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